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<title>Programma 101</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Programma 101</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Programma 101</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Programma 101</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Olivetti_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Olivetti S.p.A.">Olivetti S.p.A.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">desktop <a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">programmable calculators</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">240 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">36 Key keyboard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data">35.5 kg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Programma P102</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The Olivetti <b>Programma 101</b>, also known as <b>Perottina</b> or <b>P101</b>, is one of the first "all in one" commercial desktop <a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">programmable calculators</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not the first.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Produced by Italian manufacturer <a href="Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a>, based in <a href="Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>, <a href="Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, and invented by the Italian engineer <a href="Pier_Giorgio_Perotto" title="Pier Giorgio Perotto">Pier Giorgio Perotto</a>, the P101 used many features of large computers of that period. It was launched at the <a href="1964_New_York_World's_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>; volume production started in 1965. A <a href="Futurism" title="Futurism">futuristic</a> design for its time, the Programma 101 was priced at $3,200<sup id="cite_ref-CyberHeroes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyberHeroes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

(equivalent to $31,900 in 2024).

About 44,000 units were sold, primarily in the US.

</p><p>It is usually called a printing <a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">programmable calculator</a> or desktop <a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a> because its arithmetic instructions correspond to calculator operations,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its <a href="Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> (which allows for conditional jump) and structure qualifies it as a <a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_Newell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_Newell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

<p>The Programma 101 was designed by Olivetti engineer <a href="Pier_Giorgio_Perotto" title="Pier Giorgio Perotto">Pier Giorgio Perotto</a> in <a href="Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a>. The styling, attributed to <a href="Marco_Zanuso" title="Marco Zanuso">Marco Zanuso</a> but in reality by <a href="Mario_Bellini" title="Mario Bellini">Mario Bellini</a>, was <a href="Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomical</a> and innovative for the time. Some of the design was based on a 1961 Olivetti computer co-developed by <a href="Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a> that served as a model for the programmable calculator.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The computational hardware consisted of standard (for its time) <a href="Discrete_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete device">discrete devices</a> (transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors mounted on <a href="Bakelite" title="Bakelite">phenolic resin</a> circuit card assemblies). The design predated <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>, and no <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> were used since they were in their infancy.

</p><p>A total of 240 bytes of information were electrically stored in <a href="Delay-line_memory#Magnetostrictive_delay_lines" title="Delay-line memory">magnetostrictive delay-line memory</a>, which had a cycle time of 2.2 <a href="Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</h3></div>

<p>The focus of the engineering team was to deliver a very simple product, something that anyone could use. To take care of the ergonomics and aesthetics of a product that did not exist before, Roberto Olivetti called <a href="Mario_Bellini" title="Mario Bellini">Mario Bellini</a>, a young Italian architect:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I remember that one day I received a call from Roberto Olivetti: "I want to see you for a complex project I'm building". It involved the design not of a box containing mechanisms and stamped circuits, but a personal object, something that had to live with a person, a person with his chair sitting at a table or desktop and that had to start a relationship of comprehension, of interaction, something quite new because before then computers were as big as a wardrobe. With a wardrobe we don't have any relationship: in fact the most beautiful wardrobes disappear in the wall. But this wasn't a wardrobe or a box, this was a machine designed to be part of your personal entourage. </p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Mario Bellini, 2011, <i>"Programma 101 — memory of the future", cit.</i></p></div>

<p>One of the direct results of the Programma 101 team focus on human-centered objectives was the invention of a removable magnetic card to store programmed calculation, a revolutionary item for that time, allowing anyone to just insert it and execute any program in a few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Programma 101's design would earn the Mario Bellini the <a href="Compasso_d'Oro" title="Compasso d'Oro">Compasso d'Oro</a> Industrial Design Award.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_characteristics">Technical characteristics</h3></div>

<li>Weight: 35.5 kg</li>

<li>Consumption: 0.35 kW<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Output device: 30 column printer on 9 cm paper</li>

<li>Accuracy: 22 digits and up to 15 decimal places</li>

<li>Operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root and absolute value</li>

<li>Total memory: 240 bytes in the ALU (estimated) [AP 10]</li>

<li>Keyboard: 36 keys.</li>

<li>Archive: <a href="Magnetic_cartridge_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic cartridge tape">Magnetic card reader</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>The Programma 101 can calculate the four <a href="Basic_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic arithmetic">basic arithmetic</a> functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), plus <a href="Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a>, <a href="Absolute_value" title="Absolute value">absolute value</a>, and fractional part. It is equipped with memory registers with features such as clear, transfer, and exchange, plus printing and halt for input.

</p><p>Programming is a kind of <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, simpler than the assembly of the contemporary computers, as there are fewer options and allowed to use directly arithmetic functions. It directs the exchange between memory registers and calculation registers, and operations in the registers. There are 16 jump instructions and 16 conditional jump instructions. Thirty-two label statements were available as destinations for the jump instructions and/or the four start keys (V, W, Y, Z).<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_Newell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_Newell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While not stated in the General Manual and only in some Programming Manual, it is possible to perform a "modified jump", which allows to go back to different part of the program from the same subroutine.

</p><p>There are 10 memory registers: three for operations (M, A, R); two for storage (B, C); three for storage and/or program (assignable as needed: D, E, F); and two for program only (p1, p2). Each full <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">register</a> holds a 22-digit number with sign and <a href="Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a> or 24 instructions each consisting of a letter and a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the registers (B, C, D, E, F) can be subdivided into half-registers, each containing an 11-digit number with sign and decimal point. It uses a kind of <a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">Modified Harvard architecture</a> where data registers and instruction register are clearly separated, but it allows for some data to be written in the instruction registers under some conditions. That was a common feature in the 1960s desktop computer/programmable calculator and only HP provided a true <a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann architecture</a> which allowed for <a href="Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">self-modifying code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly to the contemporary general-purpose mainframes and minicomputers.

</p><p>The stored <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">programs</a> can be recorded onto <a href="Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> cards approximately 5 cm × 20 cm that have a <a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> coating on one side and an area for writing on the other. Each card can be recorded on two stripes, enabling it to store two programs. Five registers are stored on the card; two registers are dedicated to the program code, the other three registers (D, E, F) can be used for code and/or numbers. Instructions occupy one byte, and a <a href="Magnetic_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic card">magnetic card</a> can hold 120 instructions. The cards use a simple machine language.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The instructions or digits occupy eight bits, codified in <a href="Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a>. In instructions the left <a href="Nibble" title="Nibble">nibble</a> stores the affected register and the right nibble the instruction, while in digits the first nibble stores information about the number, such as the sign or the decimal place, and the last nibble stores the actual digit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It prints programs and results onto a roll of paper tape, similar to calculator or cash register paper.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_set">Instruction set</h3></div>

<th>Instruction

</th>

<th><a href="Opcode" title="Opcode">Opcode</a>

</th>

<th>Operation

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sum

</td>

<td>+

</td>

<td>A = A + Chosen Register (hereinafter "CR")

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Subtraction

</td>

<td>-

</td>

<td>A = A - CR

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Multiplication

</td>

<td>x

</td>

<td>A = A * CR

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Division

</td>

<td>:

</td>

<td>A = A : CR

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Square_root" title="Square root">Square root</a>

</td>

<td>√

</td>

<td>A = sqrt(CR)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Absolute value

</td>

<td>A ↕

</td>

<td>A = abs(A)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Transfer from M

</td>

<td>↑

</td>

<td>CR = M

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Transfer in A

</td>

<td>↓

</td>

<td>A = CR

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Exchange with A

</td>

<td>↕

</td>

<td>A = CR <br> CR = A

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Decimal part of A in M

</td>

<td>/ ↕

</td>

<td>M = A - abs(A)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Clear

</td>

<td>*

</td>

<td>CR = 0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Print

</td>

</td>

<td>Print the chosen register

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vertical spacing

</td>

</td>

<td>Print a blank line

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Stop

</td>

<td>S

</td>

<td>Stop the computer to let the user introduce data in the M register or to use the machine manually as a calculator

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>D-R exchange

</td>

<td>RS

</td>

<td>Store the D register temporarily in the R register; this is a special instruction used in multi-card program to save data from the deletion that happens while reading a new card

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales_history">Sales history</h2></div>

<p>The Programma 101 was launched at the <a href="1964_New_York_World's_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>, attracting major interest. A total of 40,000 units were sold; 90% of them in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> where the sale price was $3,200<sup id="cite_ref-CyberHeroes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CyberHeroes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (increasing to about $3,500 in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell,_Newell_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell,_Newell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</p><p>About 10<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Programma 101 were sold to NASA and used to plan the <a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> landing on the Moon.

</p>

<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By Apollo 11 we had a desktop computer, sort of, kind of, called an Olivetti Programma 101. It was a kind of supercalculator. It was probably a foot and a half square, and about maybe eight inches tall. It would add, subtract, multiply, and divide, but it would remember a sequence of these things, and it would record that sequence on a magnetic card, a magnetic strip that was about a foot long and two inches wide. So you could write a sequence, a programming sequence, and load it in there, and then if you would – the Lunar Module high-gain antenna was not very smart, it didn't know where Earth was. [...] We would have to run four separate programs on this Programma 101 [...]</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— David W. Whittle, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>The P101 is mentioned as part of the <a href="Operation_Menu#System" title="Operation Menu">system</a> used by the <a href="1st_Combat_Evaluation_Group#Vietnam_and_Combat_SkySpot" title="1st Combat Evaluation Group">US Air Force</a> to compute coordinates for <a href="Ground-directed_bombing" title="Ground-directed bombing">ground-directed bombing</a> of <a href="B-52_Stratofortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52 Stratofortress">B-52 Stratofortress</a> targets during the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulators">Simulators</h2></div>

<p>Many simulators for the Programma 101's function have developed over the years:

</p>

<ul><li>1976 - Translator to map Programma 101 code to BASIC was written by <a href="Steven_DeRose" title="Steven DeRose">Steven DeRose</a> at <a href="The_Prairie_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prairie School">The Prairie School</a>, used to teach programming before students moved on to BASIC<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>1995 – Programma 101 <a href="Simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulator">simulator</a> written by E.H. Dooijes of the <a href="University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a> for the local Computer Museum in <a href="Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a> (only worked in batch mode)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2005 – Simulator written by Eng. Claudio Larini, which had some contact with Gastone Garziera, another of the P101 engineers<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2016 – <a href="Simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulator">simulator</a> of the Programma 101 developed at the Department of Information Engineering and Electrical Engineering of <a href="University_of_Cassino" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cassino">University of Cassino</a>, supervision of Eng. Giovanni De Sandre<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The Tecnologicamente Museum in Ivrea has a Java simulator of the Programma 101 written by Giuliano Gaiti, one of Perotto's collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The former Olivetti employee Marco Galeotti created a full <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) for the Programma 101, which allows for a simpler programming and some debug functions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html">"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"</a>. <i>The Old Calculator Web Museum</i>. <q>technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406">"2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971"</a>. <i>www.powerhousemuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html">"Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator"</a>. <i>The Old Calculator Web Museum</i>. <q>It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator preceeded [<i>sic</i>] the Programma 101 to market.</q></cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/CyberHeroes/Olivetti.htm">"Cyber Heroes: Camillo Olivetti"</a>. Hive Mind<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFBellNewell1971" class="citation book cs1">Bell, C. Gordon; Newell, Allen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/Computer_Structures__Readings_and_Examples/00000257.htm">"Chapter 19: The Olivetti Programma 101 desk calculator"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerstructur00bell/page/235"><i>Computer Structures: Readings and Examples</i></a></span>. <a href="McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerstructur00bell/page/235">235</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-07-004357-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREF101proj2010" class="citation cs2">101proj (2010-12-21), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpkqdbz1R_s"><i>Programma 101 – Memory of Future</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-20</span></span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFArchivio_Nazionale_Cinema_d'Impresa2013" class="citation cs2">Archivio Nazionale Cinema d'Impresa (2013-12-03), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnItIQSwfSw"><i>Spot – Olivetti – calcolatore – Programma 101</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/WnItIQSwfSw">archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-20</span></span></cite></span>

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<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpkqdbz1R_s">"Programma 101 Memory of the Future / Quando Olivetti Inventò il PC"</a>. <i>History Channel</i>. June 26, 2011.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFWhittle2006" class="citation interview cs1">Whittle, David W (Feb 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131025445/https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WhittleDW/WhittleDW_2-16-06.pdf">"NASA Space Center"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oral History Project</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Sandra Johnson. Houston, <a href="Texas" title="Texas">TX</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WhittleDW/WhittleDW_2-16-06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2017.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFShawcross1991" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightatendoftunn0000unse/page/215">"Bombing Cambodia: A Critique"</a>. In Rotter, Andrew (ed.). <i>Light at the end of the tunnel: A Vietnam War Anthology</i>. New York. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lightatendoftunn0000unse/page/215">215</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-04529-8</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ub.fnwi.uva.nl/computermuseum/p101emul.html">"Olivetti Programma 101 emulator"</a>. <i>ub.fnwi.uva.nl</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claudiolarini.altervista.org/emul2.htm">"EMULATORI PER OLIVETTI PROGRAMMA 101"</a>. <i>www.claudiolarini.altervista.org</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aida.unicas.it/">"AIDA Lab – Artificial Intellingence and Data Analysis Laboratory"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museotecnologicamente.it/simulatore-p-101/">"Simulatore P-101 - Museo Tecnologicamente"</a>. <i>www.museotecnologicamente.it</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115203532/http://www.marcogaleotti.com/P101Simulator.html">"P101Simulator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcogaleotti.com/P101Simulator.html">the original</a> on 2018-01-15.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olivetti_Programma_101" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Olivetti Programma 101">Olivetti Programma 101</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBonomi" class="citation cs2">Bonomi, Francesco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silab.it/frox/p101/"><i>Description of the P-101</i></a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">IT</a>: Silab<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-17</span></span></cite>.</li>

<li>Olivetti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/m-op101man.html">Programma 101 General Reference Manual</a>, hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/">Old Calculator Web Museum</a>, retrieved 2009-12-17.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html">Internal pictures</a> Old Calculator Web Museum.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smith-house.org/Software/p101.html">A simulator of the Olivetti Programma 101</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/m-op101man.html">"General Reference Manual"</a>. Old Calculator Museum.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curtamania.com/curta/database/brand/olivetti/Olivetti%20Programma%20101/index.html">A Technical Description of the Olivetti Programma 101 with a picture gallery</a>, by Alfredo Logioia</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnItIQSwfSw&ab_channel=ArchivioNazionaleCinemaImpresa"><i>Olivetti calcolatore Programma 101</i> publicity film (1966–1967)</a> (Archivio Nazionale del Cinema d'Impresa)</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olivetti230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Olivetti230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Camillo_Olivetti" title="Camillo Olivetti">Camillo Olivetti</a> (founder and president, 1908–1938)</li>

<li><a href="Adriano_Olivetti" title="Adriano Olivetti">Adriano Olivetti</a> (president, 1938–1960)</li>

<li><a href="Franco_Tat%C3%B2" title="Franco Tatò">Franco Tatò</a> (head of various divisions, 1956–1990)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers<br>and engineers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Franco_Albini" title="Franco Albini">Franco Albini</a></li>

<li><a href="Getulio_Alviani" title="Getulio Alviani">Getulio Alviani</a></li>

<li><a href="Gae_Aulenti" title="Gae Aulenti">Gae Aulenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Mario_Bellini" title="Mario Bellini">Mario Bellini</a></li>

<li><a href="Natale_Capellaro" title="Natale Capellaro">Natale Capellaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Gianni_Colombo" title="Gianni Colombo">Gianni Colombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlo_De_Benedetti" title="Carlo De Benedetti">Carlo De Benedetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Michele_De_Lucchi" title="Michele De Lucchi">Michele De Lucchi</a></li>

<li><a href="Egon_Eiermann" title="Egon Eiermann">Egon Eiermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignazio_Gardella" title="Ignazio Gardella">Ignazio Gardella</a></li>

<li><a href="Franca_Helg" title="Franca Helg">Franca Helg</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Irvine_(designer)" title="James Irvine (designer)">James Irvine</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Munari" title="Bruno Munari">Bruno Munari</a></li>

<li><a href="Costantino_Nivola" title="Costantino Nivola">Costantino Nivola</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcello_Nizzoli" title="Marcello Nizzoli">Marcello Nizzoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Pier_Giorgio_Perotto" title="Pier Giorgio Perotto">Pier Giorgio Perotto</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Pintori" title="Giovanni Pintori">Giovanni Pintori</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlo_Scarpa" title="Carlo Scarpa">Carlo Scarpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Piero_Scaruffi" title="Piero Scaruffi">Piero Scaruffi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ettore_Sottsass" title="Ettore Sottsass">Ettore Sottsass</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Sowden" title="George Sowden">George Sowden</a></li>

<li><a href="Grazia_Varisco" title="Grazia Varisco">Grazia Varisco</a></li>

<li><a href="Lella_Vignelli" title="Lella Vignelli">Lella Vignelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Massimo_Vignelli" title="Massimo Vignelli">Massimo Vignelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Marco_Zanuso" title="Marco Zanuso">Marco Zanuso</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Olivetti_computers" title="Olivetti computers">Computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainframes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olivetti_Elea" title="Olivetti Elea">Elea series</a> (1957–1964)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal<br>computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Thomson_MO6" title="Thomson MO6">Prodest PC128</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Olivetti_Envision" title="Olivetti Envision">Envision</a> (1995)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Olivetti_Quaderno" title="Olivetti Quaderno">Quaderno</a> (1992)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calculators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Divisumma_18" title="Divisumma 18">Divisumma 18</a> (1972)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Olivetti_typewriters" title="Olivetti typewriters">Typewriters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Olivetti_Lettera_22" title="Olivetti Lettera 22">Lettera 22</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Olivetti_Valentine" title="Olivetti Valentine">Valentine</a> (1969)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="500_Park_Avenue" title="500 Park Avenue">500 Park Avenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivetti-Underwood_Factory" title="Olivetti-Underwood Factory">Olivetti-Underwood Factory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a> (acquired Olivetti)</li>

<li><a href="Syntrex" title="Syntrex">Syntrex</a> (25%)</li>

<li><a href="Triumph-Adler" title="Triumph-Adler">Triumph-Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnidata" title="Omnidata">Omnidata</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwood_Typewriter_Company" title="Underwood Typewriter Company">Underwood Typewriter Company</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Olivetti" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Olivetti">Commons category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calculator830" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Calculator830" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Calculator</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li>

<li><a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li>

<li><a href="Calculator_input_methods" title="Calculator input methods">Input methods</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abacus" title="Abacus">Abacus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_abacus" title="Roman abacus">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Soroban" title="Soroban">Soroban</a></li>

<li><a href="Suanpan" title="Suanpan">Suanpan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Napier's_bones" title="Napier's bones">Napier's bones</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genaille%E2%80%93Lucas_rulers" title="Genaille–Lucas rulers">Genaille–Lucas rulers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logarithm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edmund_Gunter#Gunter's_scale" title="Edmund Gunter">Gunter's Scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomogram" title="Nomogram">Nomogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sector_(instrument)" title="Sector (instrument)">Sector</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slide_rule" title="Slide rule">Slide rule</a><br>(<a href="Slide_rule_scale" title="Slide rule scale">scale</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actinograph" title="Actinograph">Actinograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Coggeshall_slide_rule" title="Coggeshall slide rule">Coggeshall slide rule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flight_computer" title="Flight computer">Flight computer</a>

<li><a href="Breitling_Navitimer" title="Breitling Navitimer">Breitling Navitimer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cylindrical, helical scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bygrave_slide_rule" title="Bygrave slide rule">Bygrave slide rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuller_calculator" title="Fuller calculator">Fuller calculator</a></li>

<li><a href="Otis_King" title="Otis King">Otis King's Patent Calculator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cylindrical, bars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thacher_cylindrical_slide_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Thacher cylindrical slide rule">Thacher cylindrical slide rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Loga_cylindrical_slide_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Loga cylindrical slide rule">Loga cylindrical slide rule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mechanical_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical Calculator">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pascaline" title="Pascaline">Pascaline</a> (1642)</li>

<li><a href="Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference engine</a> (1820)</li>

<li><a href="Comptometer" title="Comptometer">Comptometer</a> (1887)</li>

<li><a href="The_Millionaire_(calculator)" title="The Millionaire (calculator)">The Millionaire</a> (1893)</li>

<li><a href="Slide_calculator" title="Slide calculator">Slide calculator</a> (1920)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pinwheel_calculator" title="Pinwheel calculator">Pinwheel</a> and<br><a href="Leibniz_wheel" title="Leibniz wheel">Leibniz wheel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stepped_reckoner" title="Stepped reckoner">Stepped reckoner</a> (1673)</li>

<li><a href="Arithmometer" title="Arithmometer">Arithmometer</a> (1820)</li>

<li><a href="Arithmaurel" title="Arithmaurel">Arithmaurel</a> (1842)</li>

<li><a href="Odhner_Arithmometer" title="Odhner Arithmometer">Odhner Arithmometer</a> (1873)</li>

<li><a href="Curta" title="Curta">Curta</a> (1948)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Calculator" title="Calculator">Electronic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sumlock_ANITA_calculator" title="Sumlock ANITA calculator">ANITA</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Victor_3900" title="Victor 3900">Victor 3900</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Monroe_Epic" title="Monroe Epic">Monroe Epic</a> (1964)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pocket</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Casio_fx-7000G" title="Casio fx-7000G">Casio FX-7000G</a> (1985)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_calculator" title="Software calculator">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Apple</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atari_Calculator" title="Atari Calculator">Atari</a></li>

<li><a href="Desmos" title="Desmos">Desmos</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Calculator" title="GNOME Calculator">GNOME</a></li>

<li><a href="KCalc" title="KCalc">KCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="NuCalc" title="NuCalc">NuCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Salamis_Tablet" title="Salamis Tablet">Salamis Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Yupana" title="Yupana">Yupana</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert-image noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Calculator" class="extiw external" title="commons:Calculator">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Programma_101&oldid=1288028634">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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